Contoh Soal UTBK SNPMBThe question is based on the following passage.

(The story by Sanjib Chaudhary originally appeared on Global Voices on August 8, 2020)

After news of the existence of a yellow turtle in India's eastern state of Odisha went viral this past July, Nepalis wanted to remind the world that they made a similar discovery first — on April 14, 2018, to be exact — when a rare, golden turtle — but a different species — was found for the first time in southeastern Nepal’s Dhanushadham municipality. According to a research paper by Kamal Devkota, Dev Narayan Mandal and Hinrich Kaiser, which was published in the journal Herpetology Notes, the turtle was released into its natural habitat after pictures were taken as proof.

A normal Indian flapshell turtle is greenish-grey in colour, with yellow marks on its head and neck. It has a grey carapace dotted with dark yellow spots and derives its name from the femoral flaps at the plastron, the ventral part of the shell. These turtles are found in Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, most typically in ditches, lakes, ponds, and paddy fields with stagnant water. Omnivorous in nature, they eat anything from leaves and flowers to snails, fish, and frogs. While a normal-coloured flapshell turtle can easily camouflage itself in the murky, greenish water, its golden-coloured variant — a turtle with chromatic leucism — is easily recognisable and therefore more vulnerable. Its luminous golden colour, in particular, makes it a prized pet.

The congenital disorder of albinism creates a complete absence of pigmentation in the skin, hair, and eyes due to the lack of tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in the production of melanin. Researchers estimate that albinism occurs once in every 10,000 mammal births. Leucism, on the other hand, is an extremely rare genetic condition in which animals have reduced pigmentation. Most leucistic animals have normal-coloured eyes, whereas those with albinism tend to have red or pink eyes.

Nepal is home to 16 species of turtles, of which four are critically endangered: the three-striped roofed turtle (Kachuga dhongoka), the red-crowned roofed turtle (Kachuga kachuga), the Indian narrow-headed softshell turtle (Chitra indica), and the elongated tortoise (Indotestudo elongata). Though turtles play an important role in reducing pollution by feeding on insects, vegetation, and dead animals, factors like habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation have been threatening their survival. According to "Turtles of Nepal – A Field Guide for Species Accounts and Distribution," the draining of wetlands for irrigation and fishing, the excessive use of agrochemicals which eventually seep into waterways, and unsustainable fishing methods all negatively impact turtle populations.

1. The third paragraph of the passage above mainly discusses ….
a. physical appearance of turtles
b. congenital disorders in sea-mammals
c. the difference between two congenital illnesses
d. albinism, leucism, and how to treat them
e. albinism and leucism as hazardous congenital disorders

2. Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to the passage above?
a. A quarter of all turtle species in Nepal are threatened with extinction.
b. Both Nepalis and Indians found new rare turtles at different times.
c. A turtle with chromatic leucism is insusceptible topredators.
d. Animals with albinism and leucism can bedistinguished.
e. Turtles can help humans to keep the environment healthy.

3. The paragraph following the passage will most likely discuss .…
a. research on all turtle populations
b. dangerous factors for turtle populations
c. the suggestion to look after our environment
d. turtle populations’ contribution to reduce pollution
e. some ways to save turtles from threatening factors