Esperanto is what is called a planned, or artificial, language. It was created more than a century ago by polish aye doctor ludwik lazar zamenhof, zamenhof believed that a common language would help to alleviate some of the misunderstandings among cultures.In zamenhof’s first attempt at a universal language, he tried to create a language that was as an complicated as possible. This first language included words such as ab, ac, ba, eb, be, and ce. This did not result in a workable language in that these monosyllabic words, though short, were not easy to understansd or to retain.

Next, zamenhof tried a different way of constructing a simplified language. He made the words in this language sound like words that people already knew, but he simplified the grammar tremendously. One example of how he simplified the language can be seen in the suffixes: all nouns in this language eng in o, as in the noun amiko, which means “friend,” and all adjectives end in –a, as in the adjective bela, which means “pretty.” Another example of the simplified language can be seen in the prefix mal-, which makes a word opposite in meaning; the word malamiko therefore means “enemy,” and the word malbela therefore means “ugly” in zamenhof’s language.

In 1887 , zamenhof wrote a descriptions of this language and published it. He used a pen name, Dr. Esperanto, when signing, the book. He selected the name esperanto because this word means “a person who hopes” in his language. Esperanto clubs began popping up throughout europe, and by 1905, esperanto had spread from europe to america and asia.

In 1905, the first world congress of esperanto took place in france, with approximately 700 attendees from 20 different countries. Congresses were held annually for nine years, and 4,000 attendees were registered for the tenth world esperanto congress sceduled for 1914, when world war i erupted and forced its cancellation.

Esperanto has had its, ups and downs in the period since world war i. Today, years after it was introduced, it is estimated that perhaps a querter of a milion people are fluent in it. This may seem like a large number, but it is really quite small when compared with the billion english speakers and billion mandarin chinese speakers in today’s world. Current advocates would like to see its use grows considerably and are taking steps to try to make this happen.

QUESTION:
41.The topic of this passage is....
answer choices
(A) A language developed in the last few years
(B) One man’s efforts to create a universal language
(C) How language can be improved
(D) Using language to communicate internationally
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42.According to the passage, zamenhof wanted to create a universal language......
answer choices
(A) To resolve cultural differences
(B) To provide a more complex language
(C) To build a name for himself
(D) To create one world culture
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43. It can be inferred from the passage that the esperanto word malespera means......
answer choices
(A) Hopelessness
(B) Hope
(C) Hopeless
(D) Hopeful
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44. The expression “popping up” in paragraph 4 could best be replaced by....
answer choices
(A) Leaping
(B) Shouting
(C) Hiding
(D) Opening
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45.It can be inferred from the passage that the thrid world congress of esperanto took place....
answer choices
(A) In 1905
(B) In 1907
(C) In 1909
(D) In 1913
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46. According to the passage, what happened to the tenth world esperanto congress?
answer choices
(A) It had 4,000 attendees
(B) It was scheduled for 1915
(C) It had attendees from 20 countries
(D) It never took place
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47.The expression “ups and downs” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to.....
answer choices
(A) Tops and bottoms
(B) Floors and ceillings
(C) Takeoffs and landings
(D) Highs and lows
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48.Which paragraph describes the predecessor to esperanto?
answer choices
(A) The first paragraph
(B) The second paragraph
(C) The third paragraph
(D) The fourth paragraph
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49.This passage would most likely be assigned reading in a course on.....
answer choices
(A) European history
(B) English grammar
(C) World goverenment
(D) Applied linguistics
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50.The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses.....
answer choices
(A) How current supporters of esperanto are encouraging its growth
(B) Another of zamenhof’s accomplishments
(C) The disadvantages of using an artificial language
(D) Attempts to reconvene the world congress of esperanto in the 1920s

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