The Proclamation of Indonesian Independence The proclamation of Indonesian independence was read at 10.00 a.m. on Friday, 17  August 1945. The declaration marked the start of the diplomatic and armed resistance of  the Indonesian National Revolution, fighting against the forces of the Netherlands and pro Dutch civilians, until the latter officially acknowledged Indonesia's independence in 1949.  In 2005, the Netherlands declared that they had decided to accept de facto 17 August 1945  as Indonesia's independence date. In a 2013 interview the Indonesian historian Sukotjo,  amongst others, asked the Dutch government to formally acknowledge the date of  independence as 17 August 1945. The United Nations, who mediated in the conflict,  formally acknowledge the date of independence as 27 December 1949.  
The document was signed by Sukarno (who signed his name "Soekarno" using the older  Dutch orthography) and Mohammad Hatta, who were appointed president and vice president respectively the following day.  
The draft was prepared only a few hours earlier, on the night of 16 August, by Sukarno,  Hatta, and Soebardjo, at Rear-Admiral Maeda (Minoru) Tadashi's house, Miyako-Doori 1,  Jakarta (now the "Museum of the Declaration of Independence", JL. Imam Bonjol I, Jakarta).  The original Indonesian Declaration of Independence was typed by Sayuti Melik. Maeda  himself was sleeping in his room upstairs. He was agreeable to the idea of Indonesia's  independence, and had lent his house for the drafting of the declaration. Marshal Terauchi,  the highest-ranking Japanese leader in South East Asia and son of Prime Minister Terauchi  Masatake, was however against Indonesia's independence, scheduled for 24 August. 
While the formal preparation of the declaration, and the official independence itself for  that matter, had been carefully planned a few months earlier, the actual declaration date  was brought forward almost inadvertently as a consequence of the Japanese unconditional  surrender to the Allies on 15 August following the Nagasaki atomic bombing. The historic  event was triggered by a plot, led by a few more radical youth activists such as Adam Malik  and Chairul Saleh, that’s put pressure on Sukarno and Hatta to proclaim independence  immediately. The declaration was to be signed by the 27 members of the Preparatory  Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI) symbolically representing the new  nation's diversity. The particular act was apparently inspired by a similar spirit of the  United States Declaration of Independence. However, the idea was heavily turned down by  the radical activists mentioned earlier, arguing that the committee was too closely  associated with then soon to be defunct Japanese occupation rule, thus creating a potential  credibility issue. Instead, the radical activists demanded that the signatures of six of them  were to be put on the document. All parties involved in the historical moment finally agreed  on a compromise solution which only included Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta as the co signers in the name of the nation of Indonesia. 
Sukarno had initially wanted the declaration to be read at Ikada Plain, the large open  field in the centre of Jakarta, but due to unfounded widespread apprehension over the  possibility of Japanese sabotage, the venue was changed to Sukarno's house at Pegangsaan  Timur 56. There was no concrete evidence for the growing suspicions, as the Japanese had  already surrendered to the Allies, the declaration of independence passed without a hitch. 
The proclamation at 56, Jalan Pegangsaan Timur, Jakarta, was heard throughout the  country because the text was secretly broadcast by Indonesian radio personnel using the transmitters of the JAKARTA Hoso Kyoku radio station. An English translation of the  proclamation was broadcast overseas. 
Questions  
4. Write the social function of the text above! 
5. What happened on 17 August 1945? 
6. What did the declaration mark? 
7. Who led the plot of the historic event? 
Read the following incomplete sentences. Complete them with  am/is/are (present) or was/were (past). 
8. In 1945, they _____ 17, so they ______ 85 now. 
9. Today the weather _____ cold, but last Monday it _______ terribly hot. 
10. I _____ very thirsty. Can somebody give me a glass of water, please? 





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