Respiratory SystemDo you know how your body gets oxygen from the air and removes carbon dioxide from your body? Right! It’s because of the respiratory system. Do you know how it works? The following explanation is written to help you understand the process clearly.

The first phase of respiration is breathing in or inhalation. This process brings air from outside the body into the lungs. From the lungs, the oxygen moves through blood vessels to the heart which then pumps the oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body. Oxygen then moves from the blood-stream into the cells, which completes the first phase of respiration. In the cells, oxygen is used in a separate energy-producing process which produces carbon dioxide as a byproduct.

The second phase of respiration begins when the carbon dioxide moves from the cells to the bloodstream which carries carbon dioxide to the heart. Then, it pumps the carbon dioxide-laden blood to the lungs. In the lungs, breathing out or exhalation removes carbon dioxide from the body, thus completing the respiration cycle.


Text 2

Flood


Flooding is a disaster which commonly happens in large and densely populated cities. In Indonesia, the floods hit Jakarta very often and cause many victims. Then, do you know the process of how flood happens? Pay attention to the following explanation.

The process of natural flooding is preceded by rain which falls to the surface of the earth. Then the rain water is absorbed by the ground surface and flows to the lower place. Once that condition happens, evaporation and the water appear to the surface of the land. Flooding can be disastrous for humans when floods happen in an area that people live because the water carries along objects like houses, bridges, cars, furniture and even people.

On the other hand, the process of non natural flooding is usually caused by bad habits of humans who do not care about the environment, such as littering that can make water flow clogged. This makes the water deposited in landfills which gradually becomes more common. When water reservoirs can no longer hold water discharge, the water then overflows out the land and cause flooding.


Text 3


How Roman Roads were Built


The system of roads for mobility has been begun early decades. It was started since the Roman Empire conquered the world. The roads in Roman era were known as the best construction. The Romans built roads are for the purpose of mobility, especially for the army. Having the best road, the army could march from one place to another. They built the roads as straight as possible, so that the army could take the shortest route.

It is interesting to know how the roads were built, which some of them are still in use today. First, the Romans builders would clear the ground of rocks and trees. Then they dug a trench where the road was to go and filled it with big stones. Next, they put in big stones, pebbles, cement and sand which they packed down to make a firm base. After that, they added another layer of cement mixed with broken tiles. On top of that rough construction, then they put paving stones to make the flat surface. These stones were cut so that they fitted together tightly. As the finishing touch, kerb stones were put at each sides of the road to hold in the paving stones. It was also used to make a channel for the water to run away.


B. Answer the following questions

1. Identify the generic structure of the text above ( text 1, text 2 and text 3 )


2. What are the differences of the texts above ?


3. What are the similarities of the texts above ?


4. Fill in the table below !

TEXT - SOCIAL FUNCTION - LANGUAGE FEATURE (CONJUNCTION - PASSIVE VOICE)